Activity-in-Diagram: Shred

Description

Notes:
Activity can be completed "wet", "dry", or under vacuum. Goal is to reduce the size of incoming material.

Definitions:
Shredding - process of cutting or tearing which reduces products (3.47) and/or materials to smaller pieces. From ISO 8887-2:2023.

Standards/Regulations/Guidelines:
U.S. Government, 42 U.S.C. CH. 85 (§§ 7401-7671q), Clean Air Act

OSHA (U.S.) 1910, General Industry Standards (29 CFR Part 1910)

OSHA (U.S.) 3348-05, Guidance for the Identification and Control of Safety and Health Hazards in Metal Scrap Recycling

Construction Industry Standards (29 CFR 1926)

References:
Amalia D, Singh P, Zhang W, Nikoloski AN (2025) A review of pretreatment methods for spent lithium-ion batteries to produce black mass–comparison of processes of Asia Pacific recyclers. Mineral processing and extractive metallurgy review, 46(5), 626-643. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2024.2367420

Bertuol DA, Toniasso C, Jiménez BM, Meili L, Dotto GL, Tanabe EH, Aguiar ML (2015) Application of spouted bed elutriation in the recycling of lithium ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 275, 627-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.036

Costa H (2025) Shredding of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overview and Industrial. Waste Management for a Sustainable Future-Technologies, Strategies and Global Perspectives: Technologies, Strategies and Global Perspectives, 77.

Khodadadmahmoudi G, Javdan Tabar K, Homayouni AH, Chehreh Chelgani S (2023) Recycling spent lithium batteries–an overview of pretreatment flowsheet development based on metallurgical factors. Environmental Technology Reviews, 12(1), 2248559. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2023.2248559

Peschel C, van Wickeren S, Preibisch Y, Naber V, Werner D, Frankenstein L, Horsthemke F, Peuker U, Winter M, Nowak S (2022) Comprehensive Characterization of Shredded Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Material. Chemistry–A European Journal, 28(22), e202200485. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202200485

Pinegar H, Smith YR (2019) End-of-life lithium-ion battery component mechanical liberation and separation. JOM, 71(12), 4447-4456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03828-7

Werner DM, Mütze T, Peuker UA (2022) Influence of cell opening methods on electrolyte removal during processing in lithium-ion battery recycling. Metals, 12(4), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040663

Wilke C, Kaas A, Peuker UA (2023) Influence of the cell type on the physical processes of the mechanical recycling of automotive lithium-ion batteries. Metals, 13(11), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13111901

Wuschke L, Jäckel HG, Leißner T, Peuker UA (2019) Crushing of large Li-ion battery cells. Waste Management, 85, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.042

Owning Diagram: Mechanically/Chemically Pretreat Material