Activity-in-Diagram: Pretreat Battery

Description

Notes:
None

Definitions:
Pretreat - occurs before hydro-, pyro-, or other chemical separation and purification activities. This step may include additional disassembly activities, electrolyte removal, shredding, sieving, heating, milling, washing, etc... May include additional sorting and separation steps.

Standards:

UL 1974, Evaluation for Repurposing or Remanufacturing Batteries
References:
Amalia D, Singh P, Zhang W, Nikoloski AN (2025) A review of pretreatment methods for spent lithium-ion batteries to produce black mass–comparison of processes of Asia Pacific recyclers. Mineral processing and extractive metallurgy review, 46(5), 626-643. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2024.2367420

Diekmann J, Hanisch C, Froböse L, Schälicke G, Loellhoeffel T, Fölster AS, Kwade A (2016) Ecological Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles with Focus on Mechanical Processes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164(1), A6184. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271701jes

Marshall J, Gastol D, Sommerville R, Middleton B, Goodship V, Kendrick E (2020) Disassembly of Li ion cells—characterization and safety considerations of a recycling scheme. Metals, 10(6), 773. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060773

Mousa E, Hu X, Ånnhagen L, Ye G, Cornelio A, Fahimi A, Bontempi E, Frontera P, Badenhorst C, Santos AC, Moreira K, Guedes A, Valentim B (2022) Characterization and thermal treatment of the black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries. Sustainability, 15(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010015

Pinegar H, Smith YR (2019) End-of-life lithium-ion battery component mechanical liberation and separation. JOM, 71(12), 4447-4456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03828-7

Pinegar H, Smith YR (2020) Mechanical Beneficiation of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Components. In Energy Technology 2020: Recycling, Carbon Dioxide Management, and Other Technologies (pp 259-267). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36830-2_25

Rinne T, Klemettinen A, Klemettinen L, Ruismäki R, O’Brien H, Jokilaakso A, Serna-Guerrero R (2021) Recovering value from end-of-life batteries by integrating froth flotation and pyrometallurgical copper-slag cleaning. Metals, 12(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12010015

Wilke C, Werner DM, Kaas A, Peuker UA (2023) Influence of the crusher settings and a thermal pre-treatment on the properties of the fine fraction (black mass) from mechanical lithium-ion battery recycling. Batteries, 9(10), 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9100514

Owning Diagram: Recycle

Decomposition

Pretreat Battery