fipy.variables.distanceVariable¶

Classes

DistanceVariable(*args, **kwds)

A DistanceVariable object calculates $\phi$ so it satisfies,

class fipy.variables.distanceVariable.DistanceVariable(*args, **kwds)¶

Bases: CellVariable

A DistanceVariable object calculates $\phi$ so it satisfies,

\[\abs{\nabla \phi} = 1\]

using the fast marching method with an initial condition defined by the zero level set. The solution can either be first or second order.

Here we will define a few test cases. Firstly a 1D test case

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> from fipy.tools import serialComm
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = .5, nx = 8, communicator=serialComm)
>>> from .distanceVariable import DistanceVariable
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., -1., -1., -1., 1., 1., 1., 1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction() 
>>> answer = (-1.75, -1.25, -.75, -0.25, 0.25, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75)
>>> print(var.allclose(answer)) 
1

A 1D test case with very small dimensions.

>>> dx = 1e-10
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = dx, nx = 8, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., -1., -1., -1., 1., 1., 1., 1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction() 
>>> answer = numerix.arange(8) * dx - 3.5 * dx
>>> print(var.allclose(answer)) 
1

A 2D test case to test _calcTrialValue for a pathological case.

>>> dx = 1.
>>> dy = 2.
>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid2D
>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = dx, dy = dy, nx = 2, ny = 3, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., 1., 1., 1., -1., 1.))

>>> var.calcDistanceFunction() 
>>> vbl = -dx * dy / numerix.sqrt(dx**2 + dy**2) / 2.
>>> vbr = dx / 2
>>> vml = dy / 2.
>>> crossProd = dx * dy
>>> dsq = dx**2 + dy**2
>>> top = vbr * dx**2 + vml * dy**2
>>> sqrt = crossProd**2 *(dsq - (vbr - vml)**2)
>>> sqrt = numerix.sqrt(max(sqrt, 0))
>>> vmr = (top + sqrt) / dsq
>>> answer = (vbl, vbr, vml, vmr, vbl, vbr)
>>> print(var.allclose(answer)) 
1

The extendVariable method solves the following equation for a given extensionVariable.

\[\nabla u \cdot \nabla \phi = 0\]

using the fast marching method with an initial condition defined at the zero level set.

>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 1., dy = 1., nx = 2, ny = 2, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., 1., 1., 1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction() 
>>> extensionVar = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1, .5, 2, -1))
>>> tmp = 1 / numerix.sqrt(2)
>>> print(var.allclose((-tmp / 2, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 + tmp))) 
1
>>> var.extendVariable(extensionVar, order=1) 
>>> print(extensionVar.allclose((1.25, .5, 2, 1.25))) 
1
>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 1., dy = 1., nx = 3, ny = 3, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., 1., 1.,
...                                               1., 1., 1.,
...                                               1., 1., 1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction(order=1) 
>>> extensionVar = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., .5, -1.,
...                                                    2., -1., -1.,
...                                                   -1., -1., -1.))

>>> v1 = 0.5 + tmp
>>> v2 = 1.5
>>> tmp1 = (v1 + v2) / 2 + numerix.sqrt(2. - (v1 - v2)**2) / 2
>>> tmp2 = tmp1 + 1 / numerix.sqrt(2)
>>> print(var.allclose((-tmp / 2, 0.5, 1.5, 0.5, 0.5 + tmp,
...                      tmp1, 1.5, tmp1, tmp2))) 
1
>>> answer = (1.25, .5, .5, 2, 1.25, 0.9544, 2, 1.5456, 1.25)
>>> var.extendVariable(extensionVar, order=1) 
>>> print(extensionVar.allclose(answer, rtol = 1e-4)) 
1

Test case for a bug that occurs when initializing the distance variable at the interface. Currently it is assumed that adjacent cells that are opposite sign neighbors have perpendicular normal vectors. In fact the two closest cells could have opposite normals.

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = 1., nx = 3, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., 1., -1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction() 
>>> print(var.allclose((-0.5, 0.5, -0.5))) 
1

Testing second order. This example failed with Scikit-fmm.

>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 1., dy = 1., nx = 4, ny = 4, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., -1., 1., 1.,
...                                               -1., -1., 1., 1.,
...                                               1., 1., 1., 1.,
...                                               1, 1, 1, 1))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction(order=2) 
>>> answer = [-1.30473785, -0.5, 0.5, 1.49923009,
...           -0.5, -0.35355339, 0.5, 1.45118446,
...            0.5, 0.5, 0.97140452, 1.76215286,
...            1.49923009, 1.45118446, 1.76215286, 2.33721352]
>>> print(numerix.allclose(var, answer, rtol=1e-9)) 
True

** A test for a bug in both LSMLIB and Scikit-fmm **

The following test gives different result depending on whether LSMLIB or Scikit-fmm is used. There is a deeper problem that is related to this issue. When a value becomes “known” after previously being a “trial” value it updates its neighbors’ values. In a second order scheme the neighbors one step away also need to be updated (if the in between cell is “known” and the far cell is a “trial” cell), but are not in either package. By luck (due to trial values having the same value), the values calculated in Scikit-fmm for the following example are correct although an example that didn’t work for Scikit-fmm could also be constructed.

>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 1., dy = 1., nx = 4, ny = 4, communicator=serialComm)
>>> var = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (-1., -1., -1., -1.,
...                                               1.,  1., -1., -1.,
...                                               1.,  1., -1., -1.,
...                                               1.,  1., -1., -1.))
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction(order=2) 
>>> var.calcDistanceFunction(order=2) 
>>> answer = [-0.5,        -0.58578644, -1.08578644, -1.85136395,
...            0.5,         0.29289322, -0.58578644, -1.54389939,
...            1.30473785,  0.5,        -0.5,        -1.5,
...            1.49547948,  0.5,        -0.5,        -1.5]

The 3rd and 7th element are different for LSMLIB. This is because the 15th element is not “known” when the “trial” value for the 7th element is calculated. Scikit-fmm calculates the values in a slightly different order so gets a seemingly better answer, but this is just chance.

>>> print(numerix.allclose(var, answer, rtol=1e-9)) 
True

Creates a distanceVariable object.

Parameters:

mesh (Mesh) – The mesh that defines the geometry of this variable.
name (str) – The name of the variable.
value (float or array_like) – The initial value.
unit (str or PhysicalUnit) – The physical units of the variable
hasOld (bool) – Whether the variable maintains an old value.

__abs__()¶

Following test it to fix a bug with C inline string using abs() instead of fabs()

>>> print(abs(Variable(2.3) - Variable(1.2)))
1.1

Check representation works with different versions of numpy

>>> print(repr(abs(Variable(2.3))))
numerix.fabs(Variable(value=array(2.3)))

__and__(other)¶

This test case has been added due to a weird bug that was appearing.

>>> a = Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1))
>>> b = Variable(value=(0, 1, 0, 1))
>>> print(numerix.equal((a == 0) & (b == 1), [False,  True, False, False]).all())
True
>>> print(a & b)
[0 0 0 1]
>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> mesh = Grid1D(nx=4)
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> a = CellVariable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1), mesh=mesh)
>>> b = CellVariable(value=(0, 1, 0, 1), mesh=mesh)
>>> print(numerix.allequal((a == 0) & (b == 1), [False,  True, False, False]))
True
>>> print(a & b)
[0 0 0 1]

__array__(dtype=None, copy=None)¶

Attempt to convert the Variable to a numerix array object

>>> v = Variable(value=[2, 3])
>>> print(numerix.array(v))
[2 3]

A dimensional Variable will convert to the numeric value in its base units

>>> v = Variable(value=[2, 3], unit="mm")
>>> numerix.array(v)
array([ 0.002,  0.003])

__array_wrap__(arr, context=None, return_scalar=False)¶

Required to prevent numpy not calling the reverse binary operations. Both the following tests are examples ufuncs.

>>> print(type(numerix.array([1.0, 2.0]) * Variable([1.0, 2.0]))) 
<class 'fipy.variables.binaryOperatorVariable...binOp'>

>>> from scipy.special import gamma as Gamma 
>>> print(type(Gamma(Variable([1.0, 2.0])))) 
<class 'fipy.variables.unaryOperatorVariable...unOp'>

__bool__()¶

>>> print(bool(Variable(value=0)))
0
>>> print(bool(Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1))))
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

__call__(points=None, order=0, nearestCellIDs=None)¶

Interpolates the CellVariable to a set of points using a method that has a memory requirement on the order of Ncells by Npoints in general, but uses only Ncells when the CellVariable’s mesh is a UniformGrid object.

Tests

>>> from fipy import *
>>> m = Grid2D(nx=3, ny=2)
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=m, value=m.cellCenters[0])
>>> print(v(((0., 1.1, 1.2), (0., 1., 1.))))
[ 0.5  1.5  1.5]
>>> print(v(((0., 1.1, 1.2), (0., 1., 1.)), order=1))
[ 0.25  1.1   1.2 ]
>>> m0 = Grid2D(nx=2, ny=2, dx=1., dy=1.)
>>> m1 = Grid2D(nx=4, ny=4, dx=.5, dy=.5)
>>> x, y = m0.cellCenters
>>> v0 = CellVariable(mesh=m0, value=x * y)
>>> print(v0(m1.cellCenters.globalValue))
[ 0.25  0.25  0.75  0.75  0.25  0.25  0.75  0.75  0.75  0.75  2.25  2.25
  0.75  0.75  2.25  2.25]
>>> print(v0(m1.cellCenters.globalValue, order=1))
[ 0.125  0.25   0.5    0.625  0.25   0.375  0.875  1.     0.5    0.875
  1.875  2.25   0.625  1.     2.25   2.625]

Parameters:

points (tuple or list of tuple) – A point or set of points in the format (X, Y, Z)
order ({0, 1}) – The order of interpolation, default is 0
nearestCellIDs (array_like) – Optional argument if user can calculate own nearest cell IDs array, shape should be same as points

__eq__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is equal to another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a == 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) == 4)
>>> b()
0

__ge__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is greater than or equal to another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a >= 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) >= 4)
>>> b()
0
>>> a.value = 4
>>> print(b())
1
>>> a.value = 5
>>> print(b())
1

__getitem__(index)¶

“Evaluate” the Variable and return the specified element

>>> a = Variable(value=((3., 4.), (5., 6.)), unit="m") + "4 m"
>>> print(a[1, 1])
10.0 m

It is an error to slice a Variable whose value is not sliceable

>>> Variable(value=3)[2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
IndexError: 0-d arrays can't be indexed

__getstate__()¶: Used internally to collect the necessary information to pickle the CellVariable to persistent storage.

__gt__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is greater than another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a > 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) > 4)
>>> print(b())
0
>>> a.value = 5
>>> print(b())
1

__hash__()¶: Return hash(self).

__invert__()¶

Returns logical “not” of the Variable

>>> a = Variable(value=True)
>>> print(~a)
False

__le__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is less than or equal to another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a <= 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) <= 4)
>>> b()
1
>>> a.value = 4
>>> print(b())
1
>>> a.value = 5
>>> print(b())
0

__lt__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is less than another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a < 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) < 4)
>>> b()
1
>>> a.value = 4
>>> print(b())
0
>>> print(1000000000000000000 * Variable(1) < 1.)
0
>>> print(1000 * Variable(1) < 1.)
0

Python automatically reverses the arguments when necessary

>>> 4 > Variable(value=3)
(Variable(value=array(3)) < 4)

__ne__(other)¶

Test if a Variable is not equal to another quantity

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = (a != 4)
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) != 4)
>>> b()
1

static __new__(cls, *args, **kwds)¶

__nonzero__()¶

>>> print(bool(Variable(value=0)))
0
>>> print(bool(Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1))))
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

__or__(other)¶

This test case has been added due to a weird bug that was appearing.

>>> a = Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1))
>>> b = Variable(value=(0, 1, 0, 1))
>>> print(numerix.equal((a == 0) | (b == 1), [True,  True, False, True]).all())
True
>>> print(a | b)
[0 1 1 1]
>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> mesh = Grid1D(nx=4)
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> a = CellVariable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1), mesh=mesh)
>>> b = CellVariable(value=(0, 1, 0, 1), mesh=mesh)
>>> print(numerix.allequal((a == 0) | (b == 1), [True,  True, False, True]))
True
>>> print(a | b)
[0 1 1 1]

__pow__(other)¶

return self**other, or self raised to power other

>>> print(Variable(1, "mol/l")**3)
1.0 mol**3/l**3
>>> print((Variable(1, "mol/l")**3).unit)
<PhysicalUnit mol**3/l**3>

__repr__()¶: Return repr(self).

__setstate__(dict)¶: Used internally to create a new CellVariable from pickled persistent storage.

__str__()¶: Return str(self).

all(axis=None)¶

>>> print(Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1)).all())
0
>>> print(Variable(value=(1, 1, 1, 1)).all())
1

allclose(other, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-08)¶

>>> var = Variable((1, 1))
>>> print(var.allclose((1, 1)))
1
>>> print(var.allclose((1,)))
1

The following test is to check that the system does not run out of memory.

>>> from fipy.tools import numerix
>>> var = Variable(numerix.ones(10000))
>>> print(var.allclose(numerix.zeros(10000, 'l')))
False

any(axis=None)¶

>>> print(Variable(value=0).any())
0
>>> print(Variable(value=(0, 0, 1, 1)).any())
1

property arithmeticFaceValue¶

Returns a FaceVariable whose value corresponds to the arithmetic interpolation of the adjacent cells:

\[\phi_f = (\phi_1 - \phi_2) \frac{d_{f2}}{d_{12}} + \phi_2\]

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> from fipy import numerix
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (1., 1.))
>>> L = 1
>>> R = 2
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (0.5 / 1.) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (2., 4.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (1.0 / 3.0) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (10., 100.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (5.0 / 55.0) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

calcDistanceFunction(order=2)¶

Calculates the distanceVariable as a distance function.

Parameters:: order ({1, 2}) – The order of accuracy for the distance function calculation

property cellInterfaceAreas¶

Returns the length of the interface that crosses the cell

A simple 1D test:

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = 1., nx = 4)
>>> distanceVariable = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh,
...                                     value = (-1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5))
>>> answer = CellVariable(mesh=mesh, value=(0, 0., 1., 0))
>>> print(numerix.allclose(distanceVariable.cellInterfaceAreas,
...                        answer))
True

A 2D test case:

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid2D
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 1., dy = 1., nx = 3, ny = 3)
>>> distanceVariable = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh,
...                                     value = (1.5, 0.5, 1.5,
...                                              0.5, -0.5, 0.5,
...                                              1.5, 0.5, 1.5))
>>> answer = CellVariable(mesh=mesh,
...                       value=(0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0))
>>> print(numerix.allclose(distanceVariable.cellInterfaceAreas, answer))
True

Another 2D test case:

>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = .5, dy = .5, nx = 2, ny = 2)
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> distanceVariable = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh,
...                                     value = (-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5))
>>> answer = CellVariable(mesh=mesh,
...                       value=(0, numerix.sqrt(2) / 4,  numerix.sqrt(2) / 4, 0))
>>> print(numerix.allclose(distanceVariable.cellInterfaceAreas,
...                        answer))
True

Test to check that the circumference of a circle is, in fact, $2\pi r$.

>>> mesh = Grid2D(dx = 0.05, dy = 0.05, nx = 20, ny = 20)
>>> r = 0.25
>>> x, y = mesh.cellCenters
>>> rad = numerix.sqrt((x - .5)**2 + (y - .5)**2) - r
>>> distanceVariable = DistanceVariable(mesh = mesh, value = rad)
>>> print(numerix.allclose(distanceVariable.cellInterfaceAreas.sum(), 1.57984690073))
1

property cellVolumeAverage¶

Return the cell-volume-weighted average of the CellVariable:

\[<\phi>_\text{vol} = \frac{\sum_\text{cells} \phi_\text{cell} V_\text{cell}} {\sum_\text{cells} V_\text{cell}}\]

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid2D
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> mesh = Grid2D(nx = 3, ny = 1, dx = .5, dy = .1)
>>> var = CellVariable(value = (1, 2, 6), mesh = mesh)
>>> print(var.cellVolumeAverage)
3.0

constrain(value, where=None)¶

Constrains the CellVariable to value at a location specified by where.

>>> from fipy import *
>>> m = Grid1D(nx=3)
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=m, value=m.cellCenters[0])
>>> v.constrain(0., where=m.facesLeft)
>>> v.faceGrad.constrain([1.], where=m.facesRight)
>>> print(v.faceGrad)
[[ 1.  1.  1.  1.]]
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 0.   1.   2.   2.5]

Changing the constraint changes the dependencies

>>> v.constrain(1., where=m.facesLeft)
>>> print(v.faceGrad)
[[-1.  1.  1.  1.]]
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 1.   1.   2.   2.5]

Constraints can be Variable

>>> c = Variable(0.)
>>> v.constrain(c, where=m.facesLeft)
>>> print(v.faceGrad)
[[ 1.  1.  1.  1.]]
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 0.   1.   2.   2.5]
>>> c.value = 1.
>>> print(v.faceGrad)
[[-1.  1.  1.  1.]]
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 1.   1.   2.   2.5]

Constraints can have a Variable mask.

>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=m)
>>> mask = FaceVariable(mesh=m, value=m.facesLeft)
>>> v.constrain(1., where=mask)
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 1.  0.  0.  0.]
>>> mask[:] = mask | m.facesRight
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 1.  0.  0.  1.]

property constraintMask¶

Test that constraintMask returns a Variable that updates itself whenever the constraints change.

>>> from fipy import *

>>> m = Grid2D(nx=2, ny=2)
>>> x, y = m.cellCenters
>>> v0 = CellVariable(mesh=m)
>>> v0.constrain(1., where=m.facesLeft)
>>> print(v0.faceValue.constraintMask)
[False False False False False False  True False False  True False False]
>>> print(v0.faceValue)
[ 0.  0.  0.  0.  0.  0.  1.  0.  0.  1.  0.  0.]
>>> v0.constrain(3., where=m.facesRight)
>>> print(v0.faceValue.constraintMask)
[False False False False False False  True False  True  True False  True]
>>> print(v0.faceValue)
[ 0.  0.  0.  0.  0.  0.  1.  0.  3.  1.  0.  3.]
>>> v1 = CellVariable(mesh=m)
>>> v1.constrain(1., where=(x < 1) & (y < 1))
>>> print(v1.constraintMask)
[ True False False False]
>>> print(v1)
[ 1.  0.  0.  0.]
>>> v1.constrain(3., where=(x > 1) & (y > 1))
>>> print(v1.constraintMask)
[ True False False  True]
>>> print(v1)
[ 1.  0.  0.  3.]

copy()¶

Make an duplicate of the Variable

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> b = a.copy()
>>> b
Variable(value=array(3))

The duplicate will not reflect changes made to the original

>>> a.setValue(5)
>>> b
Variable(value=array(3))

Check that this works for arrays.

>>> a = Variable(value=numerix.array((0, 1, 2)))
>>> b = a.copy()
>>> b
Variable(value=array([0, 1, 2]))
>>> a[1] = 3
>>> b
Variable(value=array([0, 1, 2]))

dot(other, opShape=None, operatorClass=None)¶

Return the mesh-element–by–mesh-element (cell-by-cell, face-by-face, etc.) scalar product

\[ext{self} \cdot ext{other}\]

Both self and other can be of arbitrary rank, and other does not need to be a MeshVariable.

property dtype¶

Returns the Numpy dtype of the underlying array.

>>> issubclass(Variable(1).dtype.type, numerix.integer)
True
>>> issubclass(Variable(1.).dtype.type, numerix.floating)
True
>>> issubclass(Variable((1, 1.)).dtype.type, numerix.floating)
True

extendVariable(extensionVariable, order=2)¶

Calculates the extension of extensionVariable from the zero level set.

Parameters:: extensionVariable (CellVariable) – The variable to extend from the zero level set.

property faceGrad¶: Return $\nabla \phi$ as a rank-1 FaceVariable using differencing for the normal direction(second-order gradient).

property faceGradAverage¶: Deprecated since version 3.3: use grad.arithmeticFaceValue instead

Return $\nabla \phi$ as a rank-1 FaceVariable using averaging for the normal direction(second-order gradient)

property faceValue¶

Returns a FaceVariable whose value corresponds to the arithmetic interpolation of the adjacent cells:

\[\phi_f = (\phi_1 - \phi_2) \frac{d_{f2}}{d_{12}} + \phi_2\]

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> from fipy import numerix
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (1., 1.))
>>> L = 1
>>> R = 2
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (0.5 / 1.) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (2., 4.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (1.0 / 3.0) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (10., 100.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.arithmeticFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = (R - L) * (5.0 / 55.0) + L
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

property gaussGrad¶: Return $\frac{1}{V_P} \sum_f \vec{n} \phi_f A_f$ as a rank-1 CellVariable (first-order gradient).

property globalValue¶

Concatenate and return values from all processors

When running on a single processor, the result is identical to value.

property grad¶: Return $\nabla \phi$ as a rank-1 CellVariable (first-order gradient).

property harmonicFaceValue¶

Returns a FaceVariable whose value corresponds to the harmonic interpolation of the adjacent cells:

\[\phi_f = \frac{\phi_1 \phi_2}{(\phi_2 - \phi_1) \frac{d_{f2}}{d_{12}} + \phi_1}\]

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> from fipy import numerix
>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (1., 1.))
>>> L = 1
>>> R = 2
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.harmonicFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = L * R / ((R - L) * (0.5 / 1.) + L)
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (2., 4.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.harmonicFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = L * R / ((R - L) * (1.0 / 3.0) + L)
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

>>> mesh = Grid1D(dx = (10., 100.))
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (L, R))
>>> faceValue = var.harmonicFaceValue[mesh.interiorFaces.value]
>>> answer = L * R / ((R - L) * (5.0 / 55.0) + L)
>>> print(numerix.allclose(faceValue, answer, atol = 1e-10, rtol = 1e-10))
True

inBaseUnits()¶

Return the value of the Variable with all units reduced to their base SI elements.

>>> e = Variable(value="2.7 Hartree*Nav")
>>> print(e.inBaseUnits().allclose("7088849.01085 kg*m**2/s**2/mol"))
1

inUnitsOf(*units)¶

Returns one or more Variable objects that express the same physical quantity in different units. The units are specified by strings containing their names. The units must be compatible with the unit of the object. If one unit is specified, the return value is a single Variable.

>>> freeze = Variable('0 degC')
>>> print(freeze.inUnitsOf('degF').allclose("32.0 degF"))
1

If several units are specified, the return value is a tuple of Variable instances with with one element per unit such that the sum of all quantities in the tuple equals the the original quantity and all the values except for the last one are integers. This is used to convert to irregular unit systems like hour/minute/second. The original object will not be changed.

>>> t = Variable(value=314159., unit='s')
>>> from builtins import zip
>>> print(numerix.allclose([e.allclose(v) for (e, v) in zip(t.inUnitsOf('d', 'h', 'min', 's'),
...                                                         ['3.0 d', '15.0 h', '15.0 min', '59.0 s'])],
...                        True))
1

property leastSquaresGrad¶

Return $\nabla \phi$, which is determined by solving for $\nabla \phi$ in the following matrix equation,

\[\nabla \phi \cdot \sum_f d_{AP}^2 \vec{n}_{AP} \otimes \vec{n}_{AP} = \sum_f d_{AP}^2 \left( \vec{n} \cdot \nabla \phi \right)_{AP}\]

The matrix equation is derived by minimizing the following least squares sum,

\[F \left( \phi_x, \phi_y \right) = \sqrt{\sum_f \left( d_{AP} \vec{n}_{AP} \cdot \nabla \phi - d_{AP} \left( \vec{n}_{AP} \cdot \nabla \phi \right)_{AP} \right)^2 }\]

Tests

>>> from fipy import Grid2D
>>> m = Grid2D(nx=2, ny=2, dx=0.1, dy=2.0)
>>> print(numerix.allclose(CellVariable(mesh=m, value=(0, 1, 3, 6)).leastSquaresGrad.globalValue, \
...                                     [[8.0, 8.0, 24.0, 24.0],
...                                      [1.2, 2.0, 1.2, 2.0]]))
True

>>> from fipy import Grid1D
>>> print(numerix.allclose(CellVariable(mesh=Grid1D(dx=(2.0, 1.0, 0.5)),
...                                     value=(0, 1, 2)).leastSquaresGrad.globalValue, [[0.461538461538, 0.8, 1.2]]))
True

property mag¶: The magnitude of the Variable, e.g., $|\vec{\psi}| = \sqrt{\vec{\psi}\cdot\vec{\psi}}$.

max(axis=None)¶: Return the maximum along a given axis.

min(axis=None)¶

>>> from fipy import Grid2D, CellVariable
>>> mesh = Grid2D(nx=5, ny=5)
>>> x, y = mesh.cellCenters
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=mesh, value=x*y)
>>> print(v.min())
0.25

property minmodFaceValue¶

Returns a FaceVariable with a value that is the minimum of the absolute values of the adjacent cells. If the values are of opposite sign then the result is zero:

\[\begin{split}\phi_f = \begin{cases} \phi_1& \text{when $|\phi_1| \le |\phi_2|$},\\ \phi_2& \text{when $|\phi_2| < |\phi_1|$},\\ 0 & \text{when $\phi1 \phi2 < 0$} \end{cases}\end{split}\]

>>> from fipy import *
>>> print(CellVariable(mesh=Grid1D(nx=2), value=(1, 2)).minmodFaceValue)
[1 1 2]
>>> print(CellVariable(mesh=Grid1D(nx=2), value=(-1, -2)).minmodFaceValue)
[-1 -1 -2]
>>> print(CellVariable(mesh=Grid1D(nx=2), value=(-1, 2)).minmodFaceValue)
[-1  0  2]

property old¶

Return the values of the CellVariable from the previous solution sweep.

Combinations of CellVariable’s should also return old values.

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid1D
>>> mesh = Grid1D(nx = 2)
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> var1 = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (2, 3), hasOld = 1)
>>> var2 = CellVariable(mesh = mesh, value = (3, 4))
>>> v = var1 * var2
>>> print(v)
[ 6 12]
>>> var1.value = ((3, 2))
>>> print(v)
[9 8]
>>> print(v.old)
[ 6 12]

The following small test is to correct for a bug when the operator does not just use variables.

>>> v1 = var1 * 3
>>> print(v1)
[9 6]
>>> print(v1.old)
[6 9]

rdot(other, opShape=None, operatorClass=None)¶

Return the mesh-element–by–mesh-element (cell-by-cell, face-by-face, etc.) scalar product

\[ext{other} \cdot ext{self}\]

Both self and other can be of arbitrary rank, and other does not need to be a MeshVariable.

release(constraint)¶

Remove constraint from self

>>> from fipy import *
>>> m = Grid1D(nx=3)
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=m, value=m.cellCenters[0])
>>> c = Constraint(0., where=m.facesLeft)
>>> v.constrain(c)
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 0.   1.   2.   2.5]
>>> v.release(constraint=c)
>>> print(v.faceValue)
[ 0.5  1.   2.   2.5]

setValue(value, unit=None, where=None)¶

Set the value of the Variable. Can take a masked array.

>>> a = Variable((1, 2, 3))
>>> a.setValue(5, where=(1, 0, 1))
>>> print(a)
[5 2 5]

>>> b = Variable((4, 5, 6))
>>> a.setValue(b, where=(1, 0, 1))
>>> print(a)
[4 2 6]
>>> print(b)
[4 5 6]
>>> a.value = 3
>>> print(a)
[3 3 3]

>>> b = numerix.array((3, 4, 5))
>>> a.value = b
>>> a[:] = 1
>>> print(b)
[3 4 5]

>>> a.setValue((4, 5, 6), where=(1, 0)) 
Traceback (most recent call last):
    ....
ValueError: shape mismatch: objects cannot be broadcast to a single shape

property shape¶

>>> from fipy.meshes import Grid2D
>>> from fipy.variables.cellVariable import CellVariable
>>> mesh = Grid2D(nx=2, ny=3)
>>> var = CellVariable(mesh=mesh)
>>> print(numerix.allequal(var.shape, (6,))) 
True
>>> print(numerix.allequal(var.arithmeticFaceValue.shape, (17,))) 
True
>>> print(numerix.allequal(var.grad.shape, (2, 6))) 
True
>>> print(numerix.allequal(var.faceGrad.shape, (2, 17))) 
True

Have to account for zero length arrays

>>> from fipy import Grid1D
>>> m = Grid1D(nx=0)
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=m, elementshape=(2,))
>>> numerix.allequal((v * 1).shape, (2, 0))
True

std(axis=None, **kwargs)¶

Evaluate standard deviation of all the elements of a MeshVariable.

Adapted from http://mpitutorial.com/tutorials/mpi-reduce-and-allreduce/

>>> import fipy as fp
>>> mesh = fp.Grid2D(nx=2, ny=2, dx=2., dy=5.)
>>> var = fp.CellVariable(value=(1., 2., 3., 4.), mesh=mesh)
>>> print((var.std()**2).allclose(1.25))
True

property unit¶

Return the unit object of self.

>>> Variable(value="1 m").unit
<PhysicalUnit m>

updateOld()¶

Set the values of the previous solution sweep to the current values.

>>> from fipy import *
>>> v = CellVariable(mesh=Grid1D(), hasOld=False)
>>> v.updateOld()
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
AssertionError: The updateOld method requires the CellVariable to have an old value. Set hasOld to True when instantiating the CellVariable.

property value¶

“Evaluate” the Variable and return its value (longhand)

>>> a = Variable(value=3)
>>> print(a.value)
3
>>> b = a + 4
>>> b
(Variable(value=array(3)) + 4)
>>> b.value
7

Last updated on Nov 20, 2024. Created using Sphinx 7.1.2.